Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors show promise as a viable read more technology for the treatment of wastewater. These systems employ membranes to remove pollutants from industrial wastewater streams, offering several advantages. A detailed performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bioreactors is necessary to quantify their effici

Nanobubbles, intriguing entities with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant attention in recent decades. These microscopic pockets of gas enclosed within a solution exhibit remarkable stability and impact various processes in diverse domains. Generating and characterizing nanobubbles remains a complex endeavor, requiring soph